Episode #1228
American Icons: Buffalo Bill's Wild West
Originally aired: November 5, 2010
Friday, July 15, 2011
Mike Guerriero
This was the spectacle that colonized our dreams.
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American Icons
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“ Cody’s one of the first people who figures out that you could live your whole life as an ongoing drama for a large audience.— Professor Louis Warren
He was the most famous American in the world — a showman and spin artist who parlayed a buffalo-hunting gig into an entertainment empire. William F. Cody’s stage show presented a new creation myth for America, bringing cowboys, Indians, settlers, and sharpshooters to audiences who had only read about the West in dime novels. He offered Indians a life off the reservation — reenacting their own defeats. Deadwood producer David Milch explains why the myth of the West still resonates; a Sioux actor at a Paris theme park loves playing Sitting Bull; and a financial executive impersonates Buffalo Bill, with his wife as Annie Oakley.
"Buffalo Bill's Wild West" was produced by Studio 360's Eric Molinsky and edited by Leital Molad. Colorado Public Radio's Megan Verlee reported the story on Modern Cowboys, and the Disneyland Paris tape was gathered by Sarah Elzas.
Bonus Track: Indian or Native American?
Artist and scholar Arthur Amiotte offers his opinion on the names given to — and chosen by — his people.
"Buffalo Bill's Wild West" On Video
There's not much video of Buffalo Bill; William Cody couldn't quite figure out how to adapt his "Wild West" show to the new technology of film. But Thomas Edison used the developing medium to capture some amazing footage of the show.
“La Légende de Buffalo Bill”
The "Wild West" show has history in Europe. The original stage show spent perhaps a third of its run across the Atlantic, touring as far east as the Ukraine. As shown in the promotional video below, a current French incarnation — "with Mickey and friends" — draws heavily on the mythology created by Buffalo Bill.
The arrival of "Buffalo Bill's Wild West" show was always a spectacular event, and William Cody knew how to promote it. This poster advertises the show by emphasizing Cody's connection to buffalo hunting and the frontier.
William F. Cody helped mythologize the American West as “Buffalo Bill.” His typical costume of a Stetson hat, beaded and fringed buckskin jacket, and thigh-high boots would become the template for the romanticized image of the Western cowboy.
The “Wild West” show staged reenactments of America’s past, but also crafted mythological storylines, most significantly “Cowboys versus Indians.” This program from a 1907 show features Buffalo Bill and an Indian chief, who for a time was played by the real-life Lakota chief Sitting Bull.
During its three-decade run, “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West” toured around the world, as far east as the Ukraine.
A poster advertising “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World” links the trick riding performed during the show to the idea of the western frontier.
Buffalo Bill’s Duel with Yellowhand, by Charles M. Russell, c. 1917. The painting depicts an actual confrontation in which William Cody took a man’s scalp, but in the story Cody told for the stage, his victim grew in significance to become a chief who had killed General Custer.
A recreated ghost town on the outskirts of Cody, Wyoming. William Cody founded his namesake town in 1896, after he made his fortune in show business.
The ghost town on the edge of Cody, Wyoming is the site of the original Cody settlement. It has a frontier feel, but many of the buildings were imported from other ghost towns.
Ray Hammond (far right) is the caretaker of the Cody ghost town. He showed Kurt Andersen (left) and producer Eric Molinsky (middle) around the site.
The Cody ghost town is a meticulous presentation of an imagined Wild West, complete with ramshackle saloon.
Old Cody meets new Cody: at the Hotel Irma, a modern advertisement invites hunters to the bar, but the upstairs guest rooms are authentic to those of 100 years ago.
Mark Paul runs the gun shop in downtown Cody, Wyoming. He says Cody is a unique place, where “firearms laws are very, very minor.”
Buffalo Bill’s stamp can be seen throughout the shops of downtown Cody, Wyoming, including Buffalo Billie’s Toys and Gifts.
William Cody played a version of himself in the “Wild West” show: he really was a cavalry scout who tracked Indians for the United States Army. But the frills and embroidery on his coat are nothing like what actual cowboys wore. This costume, worn by Cody, is stored in the archives of the Buffalo Bill Historical Center.
A collection of Cody’s show saddles in the archives of the Buffalo Bill Historical Center.
RD Melfi – a vice president at Wells Fargo Bank – is an award-winning reenaactor who’s been studying and portraying Buffalo Bill since he was seven years old. Here he poses with the painting that inspired his boyhood fascination.
RD Melfi’s performing partner is his wife, Barbara Melfi, who portrays Annie Oakley. Here she takes aim for Oakley's signature over-the-shoulder trick shot.
Success! The paper blank bursts the balloon in Barbara Melfi’s trick. Trick shooting was also an important part of Annie Oakley’s routine in “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.”
The characters and narratives from Buffalo Bill’s Wild West would survive on film for decades after the show’s demise. One of the most enduring personas was Annie Oakley, as seen in the 1950 movie musical Annie Get Your Gun.
Don and Sharon Endsley’s “Great American Wild West Show” is a contemporary version of Buffalo Bill’s show, held at rodeos around the country.
Endsley’s show uses many of the elements of Cody’s show, including a stagecoach. The six-horse stagecoach in Endsley’s production enters the arena at 35 miles per hour to open the show.
Like “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West,” the “Great American Wild West Show” incorporates Indians performing their traditional dances. Brian Hammell is a world-champion hoop dancer whose dancing has been passed down through generations.
Max Reynolds performs a trick known as “Roman Riding,” in which he straddles two horses that are not tied together. Trick riding was also a central part of “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.”
More trick riding: Haley Ganzell – 16 years old – performs the Cossack Death Drag.
The modern rodeo is also influenced by Cody. These bronco riders all wear the Stetson-style hats popularized by Buffalo Bill as they await their turn to compete at the National Western rodeo.
A rider contemplates a bull at the National Western rodeo. Buffalo Bill’s influence on professional rodeo can be seen in the frills on the rider’s chaps.
Clint Cannon is a world champion bareback rider. The cowboy identity first established by Cody is essential to his work: “We're from the country, but we didn't know how to be a real, legit cowboy – dress the part, act the part, be real about it."
The original “Wild West” show was a hit in Europe. A modern incarnation – “La Légende de Buffalo Bill” – is still performed today at Parc Disneyland, outside of Paris.
An Indian attack on a stagecoach, as performed in “La Légende de Buffalo Bill” at Parc Disneyland in France.
The Parc Disneyland “Wild West” show incorporates live buffalo.
The iconic character of Buffalo Bill is an important part of the Parc Disneyland show.
And so is the character of Sitting Bull, portrayed here by Kevin Dust. The real Sitting Bull appeared in the original “Wild West” show, but only for a few months.
Sitting Bull together with William Cody. While performing as enemies in the show, the two became good friends.
Kurt Andersen visits renowned artist and scholar Arthur Amiotte at his home in Custer, South Dakota. Amiotte is a descendant of one of the Indian performers in Buffalo Bill’s show.
While on tour with the Wild West, Arthur Amiotte’s great grandfather Standing Bear encountered the cities of late nineteenth-century Europe as a naïve outsider. Amiotte’s collage paintings draw from his ancestor’s experiences abroad, juxtaposing traditional Indian images with more modern images.
One of the themes of Amiotte’s art is the active participation of American Indians in the modern world. One Cow (1999) places Indians in European landscapes, referencing the Lakota who toured Europe with “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.”
The captions of Amiotte’s collage paintings present reactions – and sometimes judgments – by American Indians traveling through Europe. The Lakota commenter of In the Alley in France (1999) is surprised to find “the backs of their houses were sometimes pitiful.”
Protector of the Faith (2001) by Arthur Amiotte
The Grace of White Culture, Technology, and Religion (1989) by Arthur Amiotte
Sitting Bull’s Ledger II (1989) by Arthur Amiotte
“Buffalo Bill’s Wild West” provided many American Indians the only outlet to perform their traditional dances, creating what Arthur Amiotte views as a tension between preservation and perversion of Indian culture. The significant presence of American Indian performers in the show is recorded in this 1890 cast and personnel photo, taken in Milan.
William F. Cody’s grave on Lookout Mountain, west of Denver. Cody’s legacy endures in America’s love affair with the mythological West.
Kurt Andersen (second from left), with siblings, Kristi (left) and David (right), visited the Black Hills of South Dakota as a child. Like many Americans his age, Kurt grew up playing “Cowboys and Indians,” regularly reenacting roles first sketched out by “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.”
Kurt Andersen tries on a Stetson. Spend enough time in Cody, Wyoming and you’ll start looking like a cowboy, too.
Guests:
Arthur Amiotte, Clint Cannon, Kevin Dust, Don and Sharon Endlsey, RD and Barb Melfi, David Milch, Marirose Morris, John Rumm, Robert Rydell, Richard Slotkin, Carol Stabile, Louis S. Warren and Juti WinchesterProduced by:
Eric MolinskyEditors:
Leital MoladRelated
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Comments [31]
This made me want to repeat an American Icons suggestion I made before: Little House on the Prairie, the books and the TV series. Dean Butler, who played Almanzo on TV, has recently made two documentaries about the original Laura and Almanzo, though if you're going to do it right, you must include Rose Wilder Lane. A good bio is THE GHOST IN THE LITTLE HOUSE, which argues that Rose ghostwrote the series. It has political implications because she was almost on par with Ayn Rand as a proponent of libertarianism.
Here are Dean Butler's documentaries: http://www.legacydocsshop.com/shop.html
It is an incredible museum which is worth to see. Last year I visited this beautiful museum which gave me an unexpected experience for me. I just loves the Cody Firearms Museum. Read more stories about Buffalo Bill Historical Center at http://www.etraveldestinations.com/buffalo-bill-historical-center-a-ravishing-aggregation-of-historical-museums/.
My great, great grandparents were said to have been part of the Buffalo Bill Wild West, however, I have been unable to authenticate this claim. We believe they were with the production sometime after 1897, and may have traveled to Europe with the production starting late 1902. His name was Herbert B. Williams, aka "Wild Burt". Her name was Sarah F Williams, aka "Little Sure Shot". I know this is the nickname used by Annie Oakley, but this nickname shows up on printed material from other shows she was in. They were career exhibition shooters who retired to Baintree, MA. He normally used a pistol, and she primarily used a Marlin lever action .22. She was also accomplished on a horse. The mention of ship records, or other cast lists sounds interesting to me. Any help you guys could provide would be GREATLY appreciated.
MY GRANDMOTHER WAS SUPPOSED TO HAV BEEN A SHARPSHOOTER ON TH SHOW AND MY FATHER PLAYED AN INDIAN WHEN HE WAS YOUNG COVERED IN WALNUT STAIN AND MY GRANDFATHER WAS A COW POKE HER NAME WAS GOLDIE ST CLAIRE OR GOLDIE HARRIS. AND MY GRANDDAD WAS SAM HARRIS OR SAM SCOVEL IF ANY ONE HAS ANY INFORMATION ABOUT THIS LONG AGO TIME I WOULD LOVE TO HEAR ABOUT IT THANK YOU
@ Patty.. Chief Rocky Bear was our Great Great Grand Father. you must be from Manderson..Thayers use to live in Manderson....
@Jack from NH --
What an interesting connection, thanks for bringing it to our attention! How did you recognize the man as Ben Black Elk?
The Buffalo Bill story reminded me of an homage to the ideal typical cowboy written by e.e. cummings (my favorite American poet):
"Buffalo Bill's
defunct"
(I won't write the whole thing since I might run afoul of copyright laws, and you have to see it composed on the page anyway). It would be very satisfying if Kurt would mention it next week.
I incredibly enjoyed this program - I grew up on John Wayne and Roy Rodgers movies in the early 1990's. However, I have two comments/points of contention. Firstly, I felt that Lonesome Dove, one of the most highly rated and critically acclaimed mini-series of all time, should have been mentioned. In some ways it contradicts the sentiments that people desired a different kind of western. Secondly, I feel that Deadwood, which I absolutely loved, is not as far removed from the westerns of the past, nor of Cody's Wild West Show, as this program relentlessly suggested.
Thank you for this wonderful presentation of another piece of our heritage that is slipping away.
I have neen researching and writing extensively about the Imaginary Wild West in Europe and elsewhere for some years -- I keep a website/blog on the subject - see http://sauerkraut cowboys.blogspot.com. It recounts some of my adventures and also provides info, etc
I viewed the slide show and noted the picture of a young Kurt in the Black Hills. He is posing with Ben Black Elk, the son of an American Icon Nick Black Elk of the great book Black Elk Speaks.
I thoroughly enjoyed this program! I grew up in Cody, WY in the 70's and 80's. I loved walking through the museum and the ghost town mentioned in your show when I was a child. In the early elementary school years, discussions of Buffalo Bill focused more on the myth than the man. As we got older we learned more about the man, including the parts the tourists (who all seemed like twits to us kids) never seemed interested in. We'd watch the tourists come into the Irma Hotel and be wowed by the huge bar. We'd watch them at the rodeo and wonder why they paid for a ticket if they were going to sit there with their hands over their eyes! We laugh as tourists would head to the east entrance of Yellowstone wearing shorts - because we knew there was still SNOW up there - and watch them come back completely frozen and commenting on the "unusual" winter weather in April and May!
In a lot of ways, looking back, I can see that the town of Cody adopted Buffalo Bill's approach to providing what the public wanted in order to survive and thrive. When I moved east to Ohio as a teen, I was completely stunned by the number of people I met who still believed in the mythology of the Wild West (including my history teacher). I lived in town, most of my friends and family lived on ranches - it came as a huge surprise to them that we had electricity and indoor plumbing! It was as if what they saw in the Saturday afternoon westerns never changed, as if time had stopped in that moment and never moved on.
Greeting Jordi
You are welcome. I found the ship lists at Ancestry.com. You can get an online subscription for a month for about $20.00 US. In response to your question,
Red Shirt DOES NOT appear on the Belgenland ship list
Rocky Bear DOES appear on the Belgenland ship list
Ship Lists:
Ship: Belgenland
Port of Departure Antwerp, Belgium
Port of Arrival Port of Philadelphia
Date of Arrival: 13 Nov 1890
Name Mr. Rocky Bear
Age 45 years (about 1845)
Sex M
Native Country USA
Occupation “Indian”
Destination Dakota
Source: Ancestry.com. Philadelphia Passenger Lists, 1800-1945 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.
Original data: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1883-1945. Micropublication T840. RG085. Rolls 1-181. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1800-1882. Micropublication M425. RG036. Rolls # 1-108. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Red Shirt DOES appear on the Persian Monarch ship list
Ship: Persian Monarch
Port of departure: Hull, England,
Port of arrival New York
Date: 21 May 1888
Red Shirt 41 (b. abt. 1847)
“Artist of the Wild West Show”.
Hope that helps. . If you ever come across anything about a drummer in the Cowboy Band of Buffalo Bill's Wild West, by the name of Ed Snyder I would be so happy if you could pass it along.
Thanks. Have a great day.
CG
FOR CG FROM US
Thanks a lot for your comments. I wrote a book about the stay of BBWW in Barcelona in 1889-1890. It is true that Red Shirt was replaced as a leading indian but he remained in BBWW. I have a list from the central archives with the BBWW indians returning to Pine Ridge and Red Shirt and Rockey Bear appear in the list. Please, could you inform me if Red Shirt appears in the passenger list you mention. Is that list available ?
I grew up in Minneapolis in an anti-war family of conscientious objectors. We left the US for Canada in the 1970s.
Back in the mid-1980's when I was in my late 20's, I met my father, Alan Jacob, and travelled for 6 months with his European travelling rodeo to such cities as Nuremberg, Berlin, Dordrecht, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Metz.
My father - an American whose Jewish grandfather immigrated to Kentucky in the late 1880s, my father who would claim he grew up on a ranch in Montana but who had grown up in San Francisco - would chat up generals who ran US army bases across Germany and Holland, persuading them to hold the rodeo on their army bases. Generals agreed for it would help raise morale of their rodeo-savvy soldiers who rode horses and bulls for a pot of money. Who attended? The mostly German and Dutch populace enamoured of Karl May.
On one occasion, my father announced to the crowd the retirement of a bull named Nightmare. Moved by the eulogy for this particularly brave bull, the crowd cheered. The next rodeo, Nightmare was retired again. And perhaps again, and again.
It all comes back to me. All the contradictions and myth-making. Thanks for this episode...
The narrator of this program described the Battle at Wounded Knee as "the last great battle in the Indian wars." How frustrating this must be for Native Americans. In fact, it wasn't great. It was a massacre of a small group of basically defenseless, starving, freezing, old men, women, and children who faced gatling guns and the U.S. Army. Just about all the Indians were killed and I don't believe even one soldier was wounded. It wasn't even a battle. It was ruthless slaughter that didn't have to happen. Too bad the folks who put this program together didn't get this event right. The program is jaunty similar to the image portrayed by Buffalo Bill so perhaps dreary historical facts might have changed the rhythm of the show but the Battle of Wounded knee was a travesty.
I've actually been to the Cody Ranch on my drive through Nebraska. Even though it was closed, it was still quite the site to see!!
For: Patricia Thayer Muno
Rocky Bear age 45, born about 1845, is found on the passenger list for the ship
Belgenland sailing from Antwerp arriving 13 Nov 1890 at the Port of Philadelphia. His occupation is listed as "Indian", his destination "Dakota".
(The Buffalo Bill's Wild West show cast are on this ship including my relative, a drummer with the Cowboy Band and I noticed the Rocky Bear name and thought I would pass it along.) (((Smile)))
Also from my notes, but I can't find source:
"Red Shirt was one of the leading Indians with Cody's Wild West Show, but he left them in Barcelona in 1889 following a quarrel with Rocky Bear in France. Rocky Bear then took over as the leading Indian. One reason suggested for the quarrel was jealousy. Apparently, Red Shirt had more luck with the French women than Rocky Bear."
I am trying to find some historical information on one of the players in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. He was a Native American called "Chief Rocky Bear." He posed for a painting by the artist Albert Rufus Thayer probably in about 1930 - 1940. I can find no other information on Chief Rocky Bear. Patricia Thayer Muno, Thayer Family Historian, Thayer Families Association.
Loved the program. Wish you had mentioned Cody's march down 5th ave filmed by Edison, and the buffalo/ Indian head nickel!
One of my earliest memories is visiting his grave on Lookout Mountain in Colorado. What a view of the Great Plains. Here is a link to a book Auburn Correctional Facility by Eileen McHugh. there are great photographs of Cody, Chief Black Hawk and the whole troop, surrounded by inmates in the yard inside Auburn Prison in New York. If the link does not work just google Buffalo Bill at Auburn Correctional.
http://books.google.com/books?id=3cRf7VNDEr4C&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=buffalo+bill+at+auburn+correction&source=bl&ots=jTmnEUirQp&sig=VIZVnV8PgXllHrevu5PPtKa8SLk&hl=en&ei=iojVTI6lO8Pflgegm-X9CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
To those who pointed out the cavalry/calvary error: you are correct; it was a verbal slip on our part. Thanks for listening so closely!
"Secret Agent"
Well, perhaps, a British / American Icon
Still, the truth is never told.
Oh, yeah ~
& one of my favorite cowboy films -
Clint Eastwood's, BRONCO BILLY
Real life, & how you want to live it.
Remember on T.V. in the mid-60's...
WILD WILD WEST
Besides all the gadgets & fight scenes ~
I loved the show's intro. art work
the music, & graffics on the commercial brakes...
The WILD WILD WEST was Cool
Secret Agent - An American Icon
Oh, yeah...
My favorite bad guy ~
"Doctor Loveless"
A Giant
Buffalo Bill ~ buffalo hunter... (?)
Send 'em thundering over the mesa
Stamped 'em over a cliff...
Skin 'em, & cut out their tongues
Rotting corpses under the sun
Big, big difference between "cavalry" and "calvary"! As a child, I had a horse that, when younger, was in cavalry -- even tho' the cavalry was by then tanks, not horses. To my knowledge, the horse wasn't very religious.
The changing attitude towards Native Americans in the late 1960s/early 1970s had less to do with Vietnam than:
1) The IAT (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Alcatraz) and AIM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Movement) and the conflicts over Alcatraz and Wounded Knee and
2) In U.S. culture, 1970 releases of the book "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" and the film "Little Big Man" (which while comic, challenged the prevailing heroic view of cowboys & U.S. military in the West). I remember both this book and film were very influential in my family.
I think both these political & armed standoffs and these powerful cultural artifacts had more of an influence on the changing view toward Native Americans than the conflict of the Vietnam War.
My uncle was the parish priest in Cody for 35 years, so I've visited many times, and in fact got married in Cody. Uncle Frank was a friend of the Cody family, and when the new museum was being built, the family gave him his gambling table, which was installed in the parish rectory of the new church he was building. That became his spot to count the collection baskets from Mass. Today's show was fabulous and I loved hearing about the cowboys, the Irma Hotel, and all the rest. Thank you for such a vivid and realistic view of the Old West.
Calvary?
Cavalry!
Origin of cavalry: Italian cavalleria cavalry, chivalry, from cavaliere <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cavalry>
This was an extraordinary program. It felt like a Ken Burn's documentary in audio! Perhaps the material could be turned into video!!
I enjoyed the piece on Buffalo Bill, but since I, like just about everybody, enjoy being right when others are wrong, I'd like to point out what may be an error: You implied or said that Sitting Bull was killed on the Pine Ridge Reservation. He was actually killed on the Standing Rock reservation.
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